The Role of Youth Work in Modern Ireland

The Role of Youth Work in Modern Ireland Introduction The focus of this essay is the role of youth work in modern Ireland, in addition, to providing examples from practice. Youth work can generally be defined as teaching young people in an informal context as it usually occurs out of school and consists of various activities that aim to provide new opportunities for ‘young peoples social development’( Hurley Treacy, 1993). In Ireland, youth work has been regulated and State involvement has been visible under legislations such as Youth Work Act 2001 and the National Youth Work Development Plan 2003-2007 (Burgess Herrman, 2010). Within youth work an individual can volunteer to help young people or can be a paid worker within the field. Throughout history Irish youth work has relied enormously on ‘voluntary effort’ both individual and institutional (Devlin, 2012). This will discuss the role of a volunteer, a paid youth worker, as well as comparing both of these roles. Volunteerism The goal of volunteering is to help individuals, groups, organization, cause, or a community, without expecting any material rewards (Musick Wilson, 2007). Within the realm of youth work the service providers can either be paid or volunteer their time. However, there is much more to a community other than its geographic location, the community, is a ‘social and psychological entity that represents a place, its people, and their interaction’ (Luloff Bridger, 2003; Wilkinson, 1991 cited in Brennan (2007). The majority of youth work in Ireland is voluntary, therefore, the voluntary action and social participation can be viewed as the key to the development of the community (Devlin, 2010) in Ireland volunteerism has been consistent with the youth work policy. Three major factors that contribute to volunteerism is that the service is not compulsory, not paid, and non-statutory (Devlin, 2010). Voluntary youth work organisations are non-statutory an example of this can be seen in youth work organisations that have ‘voluntary management committee’ in comparison to paid ones that are appointed in other organizations (Doran, 2014a). Young people are not required to go to a youth work organization as it is not compulsory which is markedly different from their relationship with the formal education system (Devlin, 2010). There are different types of volunteering such as formal volunteering this consists of a volunteer having direct contact with young people of the service, this is much more directly linked to affluent areas wherein the voluntary youth services, have more volunteers in comparison to paid professionals. According to Doran (2014a), there is an average of ‘50 volunteers to 1 paid professional worker in voluntary services and 6 volunteers to 1 paid professional worker in community youth work projects’ (Doran, 2014a). Whilst there are formal volunteerism there is also informal this usually occurs in disadvantaged areas, and can more often occur when family or friends try to help out a parent or young person. Volunteers also help make aware of issues that are occurring within the community and encourage ‘outreach programs that partner with ongoing voluntary activities’ (Brennan, 2007). Thus, creating a greater result by coordinating efforts between group and may result in meeting young people’s needs. Moreover, volunteering can also create a positive and friendly atmosphere for children as it allows different individuals with an array of skills to feature their many talents and abilities to the youth work setting (Doran, 2014a). Through voluntary efforts young people and volunteers are able to interact with one another and ‘begin to mutually understand common needs’ (Luloff Swanson, 1995 cited in Brennan (2007). Further, this interaction should improve the social, cultural, and psychological needs of younger individuals (Brennan, 2007). Volunteers can also take part in activities within the community such as helping to coach kids sports, field trips, art classes, and mentoring, all of these activities should enhance a young person’s social development. The role of a Youth Worker Youth work in Ireland has become increasingly ‘professionalised over the last decade and has a greater sense of established identity’ (Jenkinson, 2013). Youth work that predominately correlates with paid youth work occurs mainly in disadvantages areas. Furthermore, within disadvantaged areas youth workers participate in a programme known as detached youth work. These programmes allow youth workers to go out and find young people either on the street or youth centres. Youth workers are able to meet young people and grow to develop relationships (Nuffield Foundation, 2008). This service is provided based on mutual trust and developing respect on the young person’s terms e.g. going to a local area at night where young people tend to be. The youth worker will be able to talk to the individuals and assess their needs as the relationship develops workers will be able to reach young people in a comfortable setting. The goal of detached youth work is to build effective re lationships and gain trust. Youth workers act as role models for young people and relationships created supports the personal learning and development of young people (Doran, 2014b).Youth workers now have to work towards an established ‘youth work curriculum’ this is a targeted specified participation rates and evidence of young people’s progression towards and achievement (Nuffield Foundation, 2008). Young people are generally portrayed as a group that are personally or socially lacking in terms ‘of education, morality or even the civilising effects that can only be accessed with the aid youth development worker’ in predominantly disadvantaged area (Belton, 2012). Youth workers have to work with an increasing policy that ‘emphasises targeted, intensive interventions, shaped by a ‘deficit’ model of youth’ (Lee, 2010) The Deficit Model of youth work, reflects a negative perception of young people it is in intended for individuals that are unable to take care of themselves (Lee, 2010). This model presumes that young people are difficult to understand, rebellious, misbehaved and have numerous shortcomings and weaknesses. However, the role of a youth worker should reject the deficit model, and promote a model that emphasises young people as optimistic. Volunteerism and Youth Workers Roles Volunteers and youth workers both work to help and support the community and the welfare of young people. However, while both are working towards a common goal, both fulfill different roles. A youth worker is in charge of doing an array of tasks to assist the youth such delivering programmes and assessing the needs of young people, working within community projects, monitoring and reviewing the quality of the local youth work provision, working with partnerships with professionals from other organisations that support young people such as ‘health, police, education, youth offending teams and local authorities’ (Prospects, n.d.) and drawing up business plans and making formal presentations to funding bodies. These are all significant to continue getting funded so that youth programmes are not ceased, thus, youth workers can continue to provide for young people within the area (Prospects, n.d.). In contrast, volunteers are unpaid and working freely on their own time. Volun teers work primarily face-to-face with the youth and help to provide a safe environment for young people as well as contributing to specific skills that may help young people e.g. social skills. Further, to encourage young people to be socially active and participate within their community. Both of these roles are different yet everyone is working towards helping young people. Conclusion Overall, the main objective of this essay was to describe the role of volunteers and youth workers within modern Ireland. Whilst this essay gave a clear understanding of both volunteers and youth workers it also gave an account of their roles within youth work and their similarities and differences. Thus, concluding that while both roles are different both of these groups are a valuable part of the community and in young people lives. References Belton, B. (2012) Professional Youth Work: A Concept and Strategies. Available at: http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/events/documents/Professional%20Youth%20Work.pdf. [Accessed 22 November 2014] Brennan, M. A. (2005). Volunteerism and community development: A comparison of factors shaping volunteer behavior in Irish and American communities. (pp.61, 67) Journal of Volunteer Administration, 23(2), 20. Burgess, P., Herrmann, P. (Eds.). (2010). Highways, Crossroads and Cul de Sacs (Vol. 8). (pp.72). BoD–Books on Demand. Devlin, M. (2010) Youth work in Ireland–Some historical reflections. Available at: http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/3063/1/MD_Youth_Work.pdf. [Accessed 22 November 2014] Doran, C. (2014a). Detached Youth Work Lecture: Course Notes. Institute of Technology Blanchardstown. Doran, C. (2014b). Volunteerism: Course Notes. Institute of Technology Blanchardstown. Hurley, L., Treacy, D. (1993). Models of youth work: a sociological framework. (pp.1) Irish YouthWork Press. Jenkinson, Hilary (2013) Youth Work in Ireland – A Decade On, Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies: Vol. 13: Iss. 1, Article 1. Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijass/vol13/iss1/1 [Accessed 22 November 2014] Musick, M. A., Wilson, J. (2007). Volunteers: A social profile.(pp.1) Indiana University Press. Lee, F. W. L. (2010). Nurturing Pillars of Society: Understanding and Working with the Young Generation in Hong Kong (Vol. 1).(pp.29-31). Hong Kong University Press. â€Å"Nuffield Review† (2008). Available at:http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/11%20Lessons%20from%20Detached%20Youth%20Work%20Democratic%20Education2.pdf. [Accessed 19 November 2014] Prospects (n.d.) Youth Worker. Available at:http://www.prospects.ac.uk/youth_worker_job_description.htm. [Accessed 14 November 2014] 1

Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, are illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (without symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does not have the same meaning as infectious disease because some infections do not cause illness in a host. Disease causing biologic agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents can occur in a variety of ways, including direct physical contact with an infectious person, consuming contaminated foods or beverages, contact with contaminated body fluids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, airborne (inhalation), or being bitten by an infected insect or tick. Some disease agents can be transmitted from animals to h umans, and some of these agents can be transmitted in more than one way. Non-Communicable Disease: A non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. Tuberculosis: Signs and Symptoms: A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer. Pain in the chest. Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) Weakness or fatigue. Weight loss. No appetite. Chills. Fever. Causes: Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. This can happen when someone  with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, it’s not easy to catch. You’re much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live with or work with than from a stranger. Most people with active TB who’ve had appropriate drug treatment for at least two weeks are no longer contagious. Prevention: If you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can prevent your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you won’t transmit tuberculosis to anyone else. Measles Signs and Symptoms: A high temperature, sore eyes (conjunctivitis), and a runny nose usually occur first. Small white spots usually develop inside the mouth a day or so later. †¦ A harsh dry cough is usual. Going off food, tiredness, and aches and pains are usual. Causes: Measles is caused by a virus. It is spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can travel through the air. This means that you can get measles if you are near someone who has the virus even if that person doesn’t cough or sneeze directly on you Prevention: Measles vaccination has markedly reduced the incidence of measles throughout the developed world. However, measles cases still occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is important even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a single imported case can result in large measles outbreaks in the setting of waning immunity. Chicken Pox Signs and Symptoms: Fever (temperature), aches and headache often start a day or so before a rash appears. Rash. Spots appear in crops. They develop into small blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops may develop over several days. †¦ Dry cough and sore throat are common. Causes: Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with the virus. It’s a very contagious infection. About 90% of people who have not previously had chickenpox will become infected when they come into contact with the virus. Prevention: The chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Typhoid Fever Signs and Symptoms: fever that can reach as high as 104 °F (40 °C) feeling achy, tired, or weak. constipation. diarrhea. headache. stomach pain and loss of appetite. sore throat. Causes: Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. Prevention: Preventing typhoid fever is to get vaccinated against the illness. Two  vaccines are available: a shot that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine taken by mouth containing a live but weakened strain of the bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages (especially when traveling in the developing world) is another way to reduce your risk. MUMPS Signs and Symptoms: Fever. Headache. Muscle aches. Tiredness. Loss of appetite. Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis) Causes: The mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. It’s spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection. Prevention: Use of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella [MMR] or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella [MMRV] vaccines) is the best way to prevent mumps. Children should be given the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon after their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age). Hepatitis Signs and Symptoms: fatigue. flu-like symptoms. dark urine. pale-colored stool. abdominal pain. loss of appetite. unexplained weight loss. yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice) Causes: Hepatitis can be caused by liver damage from excessive alcohol consumption. This is sometimes referred to as â€Å"alcoholic hepatitis.† The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causesinclude overuse of medication or exposure to poisons. Autoimmune Disease. Prevention: The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in two doses — initial vaccination followed by a booster shot six months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals receive a hepatitis A vaccine Malaria Signs and Symptoms: Fever. Chills. Headache. Sweats. Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Causes: Malaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Prevention: Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention which stands for: Awareness of risk – find out whether you are at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets – if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling. Whooping Cough Signs and Symptoms: runny nose. sneezing. mild cough. low-grade fever. Causes: Whooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling. Prevention: Preventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now rare due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as part of the 5-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b). Dysentery Signs and Symptoms: nausea. vomiting. abdominal pain. fever and chills. Causes: Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria. Prevention: Washing one’s hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day; Washing one’s hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and feeding young or elderly people; Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimum Tetanus Signs and Symptoms: Headache. Jaw cramping. Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening – often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body. Trouble swallowing. Jerking or staring (seizures) Fever and sweating. High blood pressure and fast heart rate. Causes: Tetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism. Prevention: You can easily prevent tetanus by being immunized against the toxin. Almost all cases of tetanus occur in people who’ve never been immunized or who haven’t had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 years. Flu Signs and Symptoms: A 100oF or higher fever or feeling feverish (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat. A runny or stuffy nose. Headaches and/or body aches. Chills. Fatigue. Causes: The flu is actually very different from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. Type A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. Type C flu virus is more stable and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms. Prevention: If you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an antiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu. Intestinal Parasite Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain. Diarrhea. Nausea or vomiting. Gas or bloating. Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus) Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva. Stomach pain or tenderness. Causes: Intestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected feces (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms. Common Cold Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat. Mucus buildup in your nose. Difficulty breathing through your nose. Swelling of your sinuses. Sneezing. Cough. Headache. Tiredness. Causes: The common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. Prevention: No vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be caused by many different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold viruses Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms: Nausea/vomiting Rapid breathing. Rapid heartbeat. Shaking chills Causes: Bacteria-like organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Prevention: Get a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia! Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at high  risk of getting this type of pneumonia. Hypertension Signs and Symptoms: Causes: A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain because a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a â€Å"brain attack.† Prevention: A heart-healthy lifestyle can help you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age. Anemia Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue. Pale skin. A fast or irregular heartbeat. Shortness of breath. Chest pain. Dizziness. Cognitive problems. Cold hands and feet. Causes: Iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. †¦ Vitamin deficiency anemias. †¦ Anemia of chronic disease. †¦ Aplastic anemia. †¦ Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. †¦ Hemolytic anemias. †¦ Sickle cell anemia. Prevention: Many types of anemia can’t be prevented. However, you can help avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients Asthma Signs and Symptoms: Frequent cough, especially at night. Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath. Feeling very tired or weak when exercising. Wheezing or coughing after exercise. Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody. Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter. Causes: Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold. Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air. Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke. Prevention: You need to know how to prevent or minimize future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is extremely important. Migraine Signs and Symptoms: a headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours. pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when you’re active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting. increased sensitivity to light and noise. Causes: Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in many women with known migraines. †¦ Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. †¦ Food additives. †¦ Drinks. †¦ Stress. †¦ Sensory stimuli. †¦ Changes in wake-sleep pattern. †¦ Physical factors. Prevention: Not all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Cardiovascular Signs and Symptoms: Chest pain (angina) Shortness of breath. Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed. Causes: Atherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and it’s often caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.

The Insider Secret on Best Research Paper Sites Revealed

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Assessment and Diagnosis - 1583 Words

Caring for populations Tuwain Kolleh Chamberlain College of Nursing NR443-Community Health Professor Deborah Long November 25,2014 Introduction Often people forget that the community in which they live in plays a vital role on their lifestyle. Your community may influence you on how you experience others culture, it may predispose you to certain illnesses and crimes due to location. It may influence you to think big and want better for your future and your children’s future base on the people you are surrounded by. Communities sometimes influence its member’s careers paths base on merely the need of that community. The purpose of this paper is to assess the community of Stapleton, its demographic, needs and issues both†¦show more content†¦The total crime rates are 122, personal crime risks are 177;robbery is rampant (267) while the risk of you getting rape is well below average. People living in the Stapleton area are moderate burden with illnesses and mortality. General health is within an average range, maternal and child health is below average, and chronic disease such is heart disease, diabetes and lung disease are below average needing interventions. The leading cause of premature deaths in the Stapleton area is cancer and heart disease. The main cause of death in New York city is heart disease 283 per 100,000 in comparison to Staten Island 378 per 100,000(http://www.fphny.org/programs/take-care-staten-island). Alcoholism and drug use is one of the main causes of hospitalization in Stapleton. Individuals in this are participates in many activities that puts them at risk for HIV such as having frequent unprotected sex, injecting drugs in their bodies, and prostituting for money or drugs. In comparison to the state of New York Stapleton has a very high infant mortality rate (http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2003nhp-statenc.pdf). Women are lacking prenatal care; proper nutrition and babies are being born with low birth weight. The Stapleton community is in Staten Island, New York is fill with immigrants especially Africans.Show MoreRelatedAssessment and Di agnosis1610 Words   |  7 PagesCaring for Populations: Assessment and Diagnosis Introduction Pertussis, also known as the â€Å"whooping cough†, is a highly contagious respiratory illness that is passed from person to person through coughing and sneezing (Gregory, 2013). Early symptoms are similar to those from common colds, but when Pertussis progresses, it can turn to deep cough and potentially vomiting with little or no fever. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The disease can be very serious in children lessRead MoreThe Process Of Assessment And Diagnosis1911 Words   |  8 PagesThe Process of Assessment and Diagnosis in Therapy Basic Elements The ability to conduct an efficient and effective clinical and diagnostic interview is arguably one of the most valued therapeutic skills. 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